本文分享自華為云社區(qū)《房貸計(jì)算器-從原理、計(jì)算到提前還款和可視化-云社區(qū)-華為云》,作者: 蜉蝣與海 。摘要:最近各地樓市震蕩不斷,不少銀行紛紛降息,隨后更是引發(fā)了一波提前還款的大潮。通過樓市小程序上貸款計(jì)算器等工具人們可以很容易的了解每期
本文分享自華為云社區(qū)《房貸計(jì)算器-從原理、計(jì)算到提前還款和可視化-云社區(qū)-華為云》,作者: 蜉蝣與海 。
摘要:最近各地樓市震蕩不斷,不少銀行紛紛降息,隨后更是引發(fā)了一波提前還款的大潮。通過樓市小程序上貸款計(jì)算器等工具人們可以很容易的了解每期還款本金、不同還款方式的利息差異、提前還款節(jié)省利息等問題。了解這些工具的計(jì)算原理,可以做到心中有數(shù),臨危不慌。本文已發(fā)布至華為云生態(tài)社區(qū)AI Gallery,文中涉及所有代碼可以直接通過頁面進(jìn)入云上Code Lab運(yùn)行,歡迎開發(fā)者前往體驗(yàn)。
前言最近各地樓市震蕩不斷,2022年12月份以來不少銀行紛紛降息,隨后更是引發(fā)了一波提前還款的大潮。不少地區(qū)樓市相關(guān)的微信小程序也自帶了貸款計(jì)算器、提前還款計(jì)算器等工具,通過這些工具人們可以很容易的了解每期還款本金、等額本金/本息的利息差異、提前還款節(jié)省利息的問題。了解這些計(jì)算工具的相關(guān)原理,可以做到心中有數(shù),臨危不慌。注:
本文對(duì)應(yīng)代碼和腳本發(fā)布至華為云生態(tài)社區(qū)AI Gallery:貸款計(jì)算器-從原理、公式到提前還款和可視化→AI Gallery_Notebook詳情_開發(fā)者_(dá)華為云,歡迎開發(fā)者前往體驗(yàn),文中涉及所有代碼可以直接通過頁面進(jìn)入Model Arts Code Lab運(yùn)行。使用該腳本稍加修改后即可嘗試開發(fā)一個(gè)適合自身地區(qū)政策的貸款計(jì)算&提前還款小程序。本文只是研究貸款生成、提前還貸方面的相關(guān)計(jì)算原理,不構(gòu)成任何投資理財(cái)方面的建議。先來看個(gè)使用工具計(jì)算提前還款的效果先來看個(gè)使用工具計(jì)算提前還款的效果,再來探討相關(guān)原理。貸款87.5萬,利率4.9%還20年,使用等額本息的方式,在第13個(gè)月提前還10萬,使用月供不變年限縮短方式,在CodeLab中運(yùn)行下述程序后可以計(jì)算提前還款節(jié)省利息,和微信上提前還款小程序計(jì)算結(jié)果一致:
a, b, c, d, e = extraPaidWithFixedPaid(12 * 20, 875000, 0.049, False, [(13, 100000)])drawDiagramExtraPaid(12 * 20, a, b, d, e)drawTableExtraPaid(12 * 20, a, b, c, d, e)[10:20]
如圖,縮短了40個(gè)月(3年4個(gè)月)賬期,次月還款額以及節(jié)省利息等都與小程序計(jì)算一致。
如何計(jì)算利息背景:等額本金和等額本息的共同點(diǎn)了解過貸款的小伙伴都知道,貸款有等額本金和等額本息這兩種方式,前者每月還款的本金相同,利息逐月遞減;后者每月還款額相同,剛開始還款時(shí)利息還的多,后面本金還的逐漸增多。參考網(wǎng)上討論利息計(jì)算的諸多文章,兩個(gè)模型理論上,都有下列共同特點(diǎn):
利息按月利率計(jì)算,一月一期按期還款情況下當(dāng)月應(yīng)還利息只由未還完的本金決定每月還款額除了未還本金產(chǎn)生的全部利息外,剩下的金額應(yīng)該全部用于償還本金像最近部分銀行提出的先息后本(先還利息若干年,最后一次性償還本金)則不符合這個(gè)條件。
還款額的計(jì)算知乎文章為什么買房貸款,最好選擇等額本金?中提到了一個(gè)例子:
前陣子,院長有位朋友在惠州買了套120平米的房,總價(jià)125萬左右,大約貸了87.5萬。辦房貸的時(shí)候,他聽從銷售的建議,選了【等額本息】的還款方式。每個(gè)月固定還5726.39元。這個(gè)還款額度在他的承受范圍之內(nèi),因此就選了。那假如選擇等額本金呢?第一個(gè)月要還的金額為7218.75元,此后每個(gè)月少還14.89元,直至20年后還完。
通過描述可知,貸款87.5萬,貸20年,等額本息每月還款5726.39元,等額本金首月還款7218.75元。假設(shè)文中的貸款未使用公積金,計(jì)算時(shí)利率為固定利率,根據(jù)網(wǎng)上的貸款計(jì)算器可知此時(shí)的貸款年利率為4.9%。以這個(gè)例子為例,簡單說明等額本金和等額本息的計(jì)算方法:首先貸20年,按月分期,貸款為20?12=240期。年利率4.9%,月利率為0.049÷12=0.004983 即0.4083%。等額本金 情況下:每月應(yīng)還本金=總本金÷期數(shù)每月應(yīng)還利息=剩余本金×月利率每月還款額=每月應(yīng)還本金+每月應(yīng)還利息在這個(gè)例子中:
每月應(yīng)還本金為875000÷240=3645.83元首月應(yīng)還利息為875000×0.4083元首月應(yīng)還:3645.83+3572.92=7218.75元。第2月剩余本金為875000?3645.83=871354.17元。第2月應(yīng)還利息為871354.17×0.4083元。第2月應(yīng)還:3645.83+3558.03=7203.86元。將這段邏輯抽象為代碼有:
import matplotlib.pyplot as pltimport numpy as npdef averageCapital(months, principal, rate): month_rate = rate / 12 monthly_capital = principal / months interests = [0] * months capitals = [0] * months left_principal = [0] * months left_principal[0] = principal total_payment = [0] * months for i in range(0, months): interests[i] = left_principal[i] * month_rate capitals[i] = monthly_capital total_payment[i] = monthly_capital + interests[i] if i + 1 < months: left_principal[i + 1] = left_principal[i] - monthly_capital return capitals, interests, total_payment為了便于查看再封裝一個(gè)打印成表格的函數(shù):
import pandas as pddef drawTable(months, fn, *args, **kwargs): capitals, interests, total_payment = fn(months, *args, **kwargs) paid_capital = [0] * months paid_interests = [0] * months paid_capital[0] = capitals[0] paid_interests[0] = interests[0] for x in range(1, months): paid_capital[x] = paid_capital[x - 1] + capitals[x] paid_interests[x] = paid_interests[x - 1] + interests[x] origin = pd.DataFrame([total_payment, capitals, interests, paid_capital, paid_interests]) return pd.DataFrame(origin.values.T, columns=['還款額','還款本金','還款利息','已還本金','已還利息'], index=np.arange(1, months + 1))我們運(yùn)行一下知乎上的例子,看看頭幾年還款的本金、利息等:
pd.options.display.float_format = '{:.2f}'.formatdrawTable(12 * 20, averageCapital, 875000, 0.049)[0:10]可以看到和文中描述一致,使用微信房小團(tuán)小程序,也可以打印出一致的結(jié)果。等額本息 的計(jì)算方法有些復(fù)雜,參考用Python深度解讀房貸利率文中的解法,設(shè)A為本金,第i個(gè)月月末所欠銀行本金為Ai,每月所還貸款總額為X,月利率為β, 則有:
由于最后一期時(shí)剩余本金為0,可反解得:
這里m為總期數(shù)(在剛剛的例子中,m=240)。而后就可以使用與等額本金計(jì)算中類似的邏輯,從第一期所還利息開始,反推每期的利息與本金。具體代碼如下:
def averageCapitalPlusInterest(months, principal, rate): month_rate = rate / 12 monthly_payment = principal * month_rate * (1 + month_rate) ** months / ((1 + month_rate) ** months - 1) interests = [0] * months capitals = [0] * months left_principal = [0] * months left_principal[0] = principal total_payment = [0] * months for i in range(0, months): total_payment[i] = monthly_payment interests[i] = left_principal[i] * month_rate capitals[i] = total_payment[i] - interests[i] if i + 1 < months: left_principal[i + 1] = left_principal[i] - capitals[i] return capitals, interests, total_payment我們運(yùn)行一下知乎上的例子,看看等額本息模式下第8年附近,到底還了多少利息和本金:
drawTable(12 * 20, averageCapitalPlusInterest, 875000, 0.049)[90:100]可以看到第96期(第8年年終)時(shí),本金還了25萬,但利息已經(jīng)還了近30萬了,和之前文中例子的數(shù)據(jù)是可以對(duì)得上的。
還款可視化剛剛我們已經(jīng)將還款的各項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)以表格的形式打印。此外我們還可以借助python的能力,打印還款的柱狀圖。
import numpy as npdef printStatistics(capitals, interests, total_payment, months): print("總本金:" + str(np.sum(capitals))) print("總利息:" + str(np.sum(interests))) print("總利息/總本金" + str(np.sum(interests)/np.sum(capitals))) print("首月還款 %.2f 末月還款: %.2f" % (total_payment[0], total_payment[months - 1]))def drawDiagram(months, fn, *args, **kwargs): capitals, interests, total_payment = fn(months, *args, **kwargs) printStatistics(capitals, interests, total_payment, months) month_array = np.arange(1, months + 1, 1) height = interests plt.bar(month_array, capitals, width=0.2, align='center', color='red') plt.bar(month_array, interests, width=0.2, align='center', color='blue', bottom=capitals) plt.show()再跑一下知乎的例子,繪制等額本金和等額本息的還款柱狀圖:
drawDiagram(12 * 20, averageCapital, 875000, 0.049)如圖,藍(lán)色是所還利息,紅色是所還本金?梢钥闯霰窘鹈吭虏蛔,利息逐月遞減的特征。等額本息情況下:
drawDiagram(12 * 20, averageCapitalPlusInterest, 875000, 0.049)也能看出所繪圖形和等額本息的含義基本一致。另外部分城市可以公積金貸款,以杭州為例,目前杭州公積金充足情況下可貸50w-60w,這里考慮一下公積金的情況:
def averageCapitalWithPublicFund(months, principal1, rate1, principal2, rate2): a, b, c = averageCapital(months, principal1, rate1) a1, b1, c1 = averageCapital(months, principal2, rate2) return np.sum([a,a1],axis=0).tolist(), np.sum([b,b1],axis=0).tolist(), np.sum([c,c1],axis=0).tolist()drawTable(12 * 20, averageCapitalWithPublicFund, 700000, 0.041, 300000, 0.031)[0:10]這里算了下商貸70w(利率4.1%),公積金貸30w(利率3.1%)下組合貸款的情況,和微信小程序房小團(tuán)的計(jì)算是一致的。
提前還款相關(guān)原理再來討論下提前還款。如果知乎文中買房的那位,在貸款1年后提前還款10w會(huì)怎樣呢?了解一點(diǎn)背景知識(shí)的朋友,都知曉提前還款分兩種情況:
年限不變,月供減少年限縮短,月供不變現(xiàn)在分情況討論,并給出計(jì)算函數(shù)。注:notebook中所有計(jì)算結(jié)果均在微信房小團(tuán)小程序上得到互相驗(yàn)證。
年限不變,月供減少這種情況下,相當(dāng)于在提前還款月之后重新做了一次貸款。我們首先對(duì)剛剛的計(jì)算函數(shù)進(jìn)行一定的簡化,抽象一下公共的部分。
def normalPaid(months, principal, rate, capitalAveraged): month_rate = rate / 12 monthly_capital = principal / months monthly_payment = principal * month_rate * (1 + month_rate) ** months / ((1 + month_rate) ** months - 1) interests = [0] * months capitals = [0] * months left_principal = [0] * months left_principal[0] = principal total_payment = [0] * months for i in range(0, months): interests[i] = left_principal[i] * month_rate if capitalAveraged: capitals[i] = monthly_capital total_payment[i] = monthly_capital + interests[i] else: total_payment[i] = monthly_payment capitals[i] = total_payment[i] - interests[i] if i + 1 < months: left_principal[i + 1] = left_principal[i] - capitals[i] return capitals, interests, total_paymentdrawTable(12 * 20, normalPaid, 875000, 0.049, False)[10:14]drawTable(12 * 20, normalPaid, 875000, 0.049, True)[10:14]可以看到抽象出公共結(jié)構(gòu)后,前后的計(jì)算結(jié)果并沒有發(fā)生變化。考慮年限不變提前還款的情況,這里將每次提前還款的時(shí)間和金額組成python的元組,若干個(gè)(賬期,還款金額)元組組成一個(gè)list輸入函數(shù)。函數(shù)首先計(jì)算正常情況下的還款信息,而后根據(jù)提前還款信息,修改提前還款日的剩余本金,并從各個(gè)提前還款日重新計(jì)算剩余還款。
def extraPaidWithFixedPeriod(months, principal, rate, capitalAveraged, extraPaidList :list): capitals, interests, total_payment = normalPaid(months, principal, rate, capitalAveraged) extraPaidList.sort(key=lambda x:x[0]) originCapital, originInterests, originTotal = capitals.copy(), interests.copy(), total_payment.copy() left_principal = [0] * months left_principal[0] = principal for x in range(0,months): if x < months - 1: left_principal[x + 1] = left_principal[x] - capitals[x] def normalPaidOffset(left_months, principal, rate, capitalAveraged, offset): month_rate = rate / 12 monthly_capital = left_principal[offset] / left_months monthly_payment = left_principal[offset] * month_rate * (1 + month_rate) ** left_months / ((1 + month_rate) ** left_months - 1) for i in range(0, left_months): interests[offset + i] = left_principal[offset + i] * month_rate if capitalAveraged: capitals[offset + i] = monthly_capital total_payment[offset + i] = monthly_capital + interests[offset + i] else: total_payment[offset + i] = monthly_payment capitals[offset + i] = total_payment[offset + i] - interests[offset + i] if i == 0: print("次月還款 %.2f" % total_payment[offset + i]) if offset + i + 1 < months: left_principal[offset + i + 1] = left_principal[offset + i] - capitals[offset + i] return for x,y in extraPaidList: capitals[x] = capitals[x] + y left_principal[x + 1] = left_principal[x] - capitals[x] total_payment[x] = capitals[x] + interests[x] print("當(dāng)月需還 %.f 剩余本金 %.f" %(total_payment[x], left_principal[x + 1])) normalPaidOffset(months - x - 1, left_principal[x + 1], rate, capitalAveraged, x + 1) printStatistics(originCapital, originInterests, originTotal, months) print("") printStatistics(capitals, interests, total_payment, months) print("節(jié)省利息 %.2f" % (np.sum(originInterests) - np.sum(interests))) return capitals, interests, total_payment, originTotal, originInterests再定義幾個(gè)函數(shù)對(duì)提前還款節(jié)省的利息進(jìn)行可視化。
def drawDiagramExtraPaid(months, capitals, interests, originalTotal, originalInterests, showOriginTotal=True): month_array = np.arange(1, months + 1, 1) capital_with_origin_interest = [0] * months height = interests for x in range(1, months): capital_with_origin_interest[x] = capitals[x] + originalInterests[x] l1 = plt.bar(month_array, originalTotal if showOriginTotal else capital_with_origin_interest, width=0.2, align='center', color='yellow') l2 = plt.bar(month_array, capitals, width=0.2, align='center', color='red') l3 = plt.bar(month_array, interests, width=0.2, align='center', color='blue', bottom=capitals) # plt.legend(handles = [l1, l2,l3], labels = ['每月少還' if showOriginTotal else '節(jié)省利息', '本金','利息'], loc = 'best',fontsize=20) plt.ylim(0, (capitals[0]+interests[0])*1.1) plt.show()def drawTableExtraPaid(months, capitals, interests, total_payment, originalTotal, originalInterests): paid_capital = [0] * months paid_interests = [0] * months saved_money = [0] * months paid_capital[0] = capitals[0] paid_interests[0] = interests[0] for x in range(1, months): paid_capital[x] = paid_capital[x - 1] + capitals[x] paid_interests[x] = paid_interests[x - 1] + interests[x] saved_money[x] = saved_money[x - 1] + (originalInterests[x] - interests[x] ) origin = pd.DataFrame([total_payment, capitals, interests, paid_capital, paid_interests,saved_money]) return pd.DataFrame(origin.values.T, columns=['還款額','還款本金','還款利息','已還本金','已還利息','累計(jì)節(jié)省'], index=np.arange(1, months + 1))通過參數(shù)showOriginTotal的取值,可以分別繪制每月少還的錢與當(dāng)月節(jié)省利息的情況。下面分別繪制了等額本金和等額本息情況下,87.5萬貸20年,在第一年還10萬后還款和利息的變化情況。
a, b, c, d, e = extraPaidWithFixedPeriod(12 * 20, 875000, 0.049, True, [(13,100000)])drawDiagramExtraPaid(12 * 20, a, b, d, e)drawDiagramExtraPaid(12 * 20, a, b, d, e, False)drawTableExtraPaid(12 * 20, a, b, c, d, e)[10:20]a, b, c, d, e = extraPaidWithFixedPeriod(12 * 20, 875000, 0.049, False, [(13,100000)])drawDiagramExtraPaid(12 * 20, a, b, d, e)drawDiagramExtraPaid(12 * 20, a, b, d, e, False)drawTableExtraPaid(12 * 20, a, b, c, d, e)[10:20]
可以很方便地看出節(jié)省利息在每個(gè)月還款額中的比重。
月供不變,年限縮短這種情況下提前還款導(dǎo)致后續(xù)每個(gè)月產(chǎn)生的利息少了,但是月供沒變,相當(dāng)于后續(xù)每個(gè)月額外多還了本金。但是在各類提前還款計(jì)算器的計(jì)算中,月供并不是和之前相同的,經(jīng)過反復(fù)的計(jì)算后和網(wǎng)上的貸款計(jì)算器結(jié)果最終一致,發(fā)現(xiàn)各類提前還款計(jì)算器隱含了下列約束:
提前還款相當(dāng)于用剩余本金新做一個(gè)貸款!霸鹿辈皇钦娴牟蛔。而是通過縮短年限方式,使得新貸款首月月供盡可能和當(dāng)前月供相當(dāng)。如果是等額本金模式,新貸款首月月供中,償還本金并未增多,需要略低于上月償還本金,等額本息模式則無此約束。想想這個(gè)邏輯也有道理,如果真的“月供不變”,那么等額本金模式下提前還款后,后續(xù)每個(gè)月償還的本金都會(huì)比新做貸款的償還的本金多,相當(dāng)于后續(xù)每個(gè)月都在提前還款,后續(xù)每個(gè)月月供本金就不能稱為“等額”了。我們下面先寫個(gè)求解首月月供的函數(shù),以及通過縮短年限逼近上月月供總額和月供本金的函數(shù)。而后計(jì)算“月供不變,年限縮短”模式下節(jié)省的具體利息。
def getFirstPaid(months, principal, rate, capitalAveraged): month_rate = rate / 12 monthly_capital = principal / months monthly_payment = principal * month_rate * (1 + month_rate) ** months / ((1 + month_rate) ** months - 1) interests1 = principal * month_rate if capitalAveraged: return monthly_capital + interests1, monthly_capital else: return monthly_payment, monthly_payment - interests1def getLeftMonths(leftMonthsMax, capitalPaidMax, paidMax, leftPrincipal, rate, capitalAveraged): lastPaid, lastCapitalPaid, lastMonths = 0, 0, 0 for i in range(leftMonthsMax, 1, -1): paid, capitalPaid = getFirstPaid(i, leftPrincipal, rate, capitalAveraged) if paid > paidMax or (capitalAveraged and capitalPaid > capitalPaidMax): return lastMonths, lastPaid, lastCapitalPaid else: lastPaid, lastCapitalPaid, lastMonths = paid, capitalPaid, idef extraPaidWithFixedPaid(months, principal, rate, capitalAveraged, extraPaidList: list): capitals, interests, total_payment = normalPaid( months, principal, rate, capitalAveraged) extraPaidList.sort(key=lambda x: x[0]) originCapital, originInterests, originTotal = capitals.copy(), interests.copy(), total_payment.copy() left_principal = [0] * months left_principal[0] = principal for x in range(0, months): if x < months - 1: left_principal[x + 1] = left_principal[x] - capitals[x] def normalPaidOffset(left_months, principal, rate, capitalAveraged, offset, left_months2): month_rate = rate / 12 monthly_capital = left_principal[offset] / left_months monthly_payment = left_principal[offset] * month_rate * (1 + month_rate) ** left_months / ((1 + month_rate) ** left_months - 1) for i in range(0, left_months): interests[offset + i] = left_principal[offset + i] * month_rate if capitalAveraged: capitals[offset + i] = monthly_capital total_payment[offset + i] = monthly_capital + interests[offset + i] else: total_payment[offset + i] = monthly_payment capitals[offset + i] = total_payment[offset + i] - interests[offset + i] if i == 0: print("次月還款 %.2f" % total_payment[offset + i]) if offset + i + 1 < months: left_principal[offset + i + 1] = left_principal[offset + i] - capitals[offset + i] for i in range(left_months, left_months2): interests[offset + i] = 0 capitals[offset + i] = 0 total_payment[offset + i] = 0 return realMonth = months for x, y in extraPaidList: capitalParam = capitals[x] capitals[x] = capitals[x] + y left_principal[x + 1] = left_principal[x] - capitals[x] total_payment[x] = capitals[x] + interests[x] maxMonth, maxPaid, maxPaidCapital = getLeftMonths(months - x - 1, capitalParam, total_payment[x - 1], left_principal[x + 1], rate, capitalAveraged) normalPaidOffset(maxMonth, left_principal[x + 1], rate, capitalAveraged, x + 1, months - x - 1) realMonth = x + 1 + maxMonth print("當(dāng)月需還 %.2f 剩余本金 %.2f 下月需還:%.2f 原本剩余賬期:%d,當(dāng)前剩余賬期:%d, 賬期縮短:%d" %(total_payment[x], left_principal[x + 1],total_payment[x + 1], months - x - 1,maxMonth, months - x - 1 - maxMonth)) printStatistics(originCapital, originInterests, originTotal, months) print("") printStatistics(capitals, interests, total_payment, realMonth) print("節(jié)省利息 %.2f" % (np.sum(originInterests) - np.sum(interests))) return capitals, interests, total_payment, originTotal, originInterestsa, b, c, d, e = extraPaidWithFixedPaid(12 * 20, 875000, 0.049, True, [(13, 100000)])drawDiagramExtraPaid(12 * 20, a, b, d, e)drawTableExtraPaid(12 * 20, a, b, c, d, e)[10:20]a, b, c, d, e = extraPaidWithFixedPaid(12 * 20, 875000, 0.049, False, [(13, 100000)])drawDiagramExtraPaid(12 * 20, a, b, d, e)drawTableExtraPaid(12 * 20, a, b, c, d, e)[10:20]可以看出,雖然縮短年限的本質(zhì)也是重新做一次貸款,但確實(shí)可以節(jié)省很多利息。
小結(jié)本文初稿寫于華為云AI-Gallery貸款計(jì)算器-從原理、公式到提前還款和可視化,通過頁面進(jìn)入CodeLab可以直接在界面上調(diào)整參數(shù)進(jìn)行房貸利息、提前還款等相關(guān)計(jì)算,計(jì)算過程原理直觀,配合可視化方便理解,歡迎開發(fā)者前往體驗(yàn)。整篇文章帶大家了解了不同房貸貸款方式的差異,以及對(duì)房貸利息計(jì)算、提前還款的原理做了較為細(xì)致的剖析和數(shù)據(jù)可視化。后續(xù)在面對(duì)貸款利息計(jì)算的問題時(shí),可以直面原理、心中有數(shù)、臨危不慌。
參考資料[1]用Python深度解讀房貸利率(https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/hdRb4b7ufYd-hujV1TKHZg)[2]為什么買房貸款,最好選擇等額本金?[3]杭州房小團(tuán)微信小程序-貸款計(jì)算[4]杭州房小團(tuán)微信小程序-提前還款點(diǎn)擊下方,第一時(shí)間了解華為云新鮮技術(shù)~華為云博客_大數(shù)據(jù)博客_AI博客_云計(jì)算博客_開發(fā)者中心-華為云#華為云開發(fā)者聯(lián)盟#
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